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1993-07-26
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** CALLING IT HOME **
Predation
Predation takes a bite out of loon productivity. In most areas this is
a natural part of the loon's life cycle. In some locales, however,
predation has been the limiting factor in loon reproduction. On Lake
Winnipesaukee up to eighty percent of the lake's egg production has
been destroyed by raccoons. In 1975, this seventy square mile lake
produced just one loon chick, and on nearby Squam Lake, raccoons
had about the same success rate. On both lakes, most of the
destroyed nests were located within a few hundred yards of homes
or other centers of human activity.
People and raccoons go together. Wherever there are people,
garbage is not far behind, and behind the trail of garbage will be the
friendly masked bandit, whose populations explode when their
natural food supply is supplemented by human leftovers. In many
resort areas the feeding of raccoons is encouraged because tourists
love raccoons. Loons don't. Studying the effects of predation on loon
productivity in Minnesota's Itasca State Park, Judy McIntyre found
evidence of predation in over seventy percent of the unsuccessful
loon nesting attempts. As in New Hampshire, the raccoon was loon
enemy number one. Inspecting the nests destroyed by predators,
McIntyre could implicate raccoons in seventy percent of the
predation cases.
Raccoons, however, are not the only predators. The list of potential
egg robbers is long, and includes crows, ravens, gulls, skunks, mink,
otter, and possibly muskrat and beaver. Since some of these critters
can destroy loon nests without leaving any tell-tale evidence, Judy
McIntyre decided to experimentally identify potential predators. She
built clever "track traps" by constructing a flat, smooth circle of sand
and clay around former or simulated loon nests. In those nests she
presented her baitmturkey eggs dyed to match the color of loon eggs.
Raccoons loved this Easter egg party, showing up first eighty percent
of the time. While this experiment does not prove that raccoons
destroy eighty percent of all predated loon nests, it does provide
strong circumstantial evidence that raccoons and loons, at least from
a loon protector's perspective, don't mix.
Where raccoon numbers are low, as in remote wilderness areas,
predation on eggs is not as serious a problem. A 1978 study by the
Maine Audubon Society implicated predation in only three of
eighteen nest failures. In northern Minnesota's wilderness lakes,
Olson found evidence of predation in about half of all loon nests, but
he carefully qualified his findings by suggesting that abandonment of
the nest might have preceded the predation. If loons leave their eggs,
predation at some point is almost inevitable. For a researcher
covering a large study area, judging which came first is often
speculative
A quarter of a century after Olson's work, Jim Titus studied loons
in the same area. For two years, Titus monitored every loon nest in
the study area. Predation interfered with only twenty percent of the
nesting attempts. Much lower than predation estimates from New
Hampshire, this estimate reflects the relative scarcity of raccoons in
the Minnesota wilderness, and explains Titus' data showing no
difference in predation rates between island and mainland sites. In
raccoon infested areas, islands are relatively safe nesting sites. While
raccoons can swim, they rarely bother loons on small islands.
*****